Free French Bombers Over France
The Forgotten French Airmen of World War II: A Tale of Sacrifice and Controversy
During World War II, Allied forces conducted extensive bombing campaigns over occupied France, resulting in the deaths of over 57,000 French civilians. As these raids intensified in 1944, they provoked a fierce backlash from the French population. Among the bombers were French squadrons who faced the harrowing task of attacking their own homeland, accepting civilian losses as unfortunate but unavoidable collateral damage.
The Formation of the Free French Air Forces
Following the fall of France in June 1940, the British government and General Charles de Gaulle established the Free French Air Forces under Royal Air Force (RAF) command. It wasn’t until early 1943, after the Allies liberated North Africa, that significant numbers of French airmen could join the reconfigured French Air Force. Squadrons based in North Africa relocated to RAF bases in Britain, ready to contribute to the fight against the Axis powers.
The Controversial Transportation Plan
In April 1944, to prepare for the D-Day landings, the Allies launched the Transportation Plan. This strategy involved bombing French railway lines, bridges, and marshalling yards to disrupt German logistics. However, the plan was contentious from the outset, causing the deaths of 16,000 French civilians. Key figures like Winston Churchill, the British War Cabinet, and Bomber Command’s chief, Arthur Harris, opposed the plan due to ethical concerns. Churchill warned President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the “slaughter among friendly people who have committed no crimes against us.” Despite acknowledging the regrettable losses, Roosevelt prioritized the success of Operation Overlord and the minimization of Allied military casualties.
French Public Opinion Turns Sour
As civilian casualties mounted, public opinion in France grew increasingly hostile toward the Allied bombings. Resistance members reported that the bombing of Marseille, which killed 1,750 civilians, ignited an “inextinguishable hatred” of the Americans and British. Many French citizens felt they were being treated as enemies rather than allies, deepening the divide between the occupied nation and the liberating forces.
Moral Dilemmas Faced by French Airmen
For French airmen, the Transportation Plan posed profound moral dilemmas. Bombing their own country was a heavy burden, and while the RAF offered them the option to request reassignment, none did. Many felt a duty to uphold their nation’s honor after the humiliating defeat of 1940. Yet, as they flew over familiar towns engulfed in flames, they feared for the safety of their families and grappled with guilt.
André Guedez, an upper gunner with the Tunisie squadron, later expressed pride in accomplishing his missions. In contrast, Louis Bourgain of the Guyenne squadron admitted feeling a sense of “oppression” at having to bomb his native soil. These conflicting emotions highlight the inner turmoil experienced by those tasked with such operations.
Precision at Great Risk
The French bomber squadrons earned a reputation for precision, often flying at low altitudes to minimize civilian casualties—a practice that increased their vulnerability to enemy fire. Consequently, they were assigned some of the most dangerous raids. In May 1944, they were tasked with bombing a railway depot near Lille, where the Resistance had identified hidden German locomotives. The target was perilously close to densely populated areas, heightening the risk of civilian casualties.
General Martial Valin recounted the squadron’s anguish when adverse weather conditions made it difficult to identify the target. Upon returning, the airmen were consumed by guilt and fear that they had inadvertently bombed residential areas. Their distress intensified when enemy broadcasts accused them of atrocities. Relief only came when reconnaissance confirmed that the intended target was hit with minimal civilian losses.
An Overlooked Legacy
Despite their sacrifices, the French bomber squadrons were met with suspicion by their own leaders and were largely forgotten after the war. French authorities in London viewed the airmen as latecomers and questioned their loyalty, partly because they had served under General Giraud in North Africa—a rival to de Gaulle whom the U.S. had initially supported. De Gaulle’s post-war narrative emphasized France liberating itself, overshadowing the contributions of these airmen.
Many pilots felt their efforts were unrecognized by an ungrateful nation. Even today, their role in liberating France remains largely unknown to the public.
By shedding light on the overlooked sacrifices of the French bomber squadrons, we honor their courage and acknowledge the complex moral challenges they faced during one of history’s darkest times.
