What Is the Variable Cost Ratio?
The variable cost ratio is a calculation of the costs of increasing production in comparison to the greater revenues that will result from the increase. An estimate of the variable cost ratio allows a company to aim for the optimal balance between increased revenues and increased costs of production.
Key Takeaways
- The variable cost ratio indicates the additional costs that are incurred in increasing production.
- A relatively high ratio indicates a company is more likely to make a profit on relatively low sales because it has a relatively high contribution margin to apply toward its fixed costs.
- A relatively low ratio indicates a company is less likely to make a profit on relatively low sales because it has a relatively low contribution margin to apply toward its fixed costs.
The production of goods involves both fixed costs and variable costs:
- In general, increasing production is a more efficient use of fixed costs, such as the lease of a building. If producing 1,000 things costs the same fixed costs as producing 100 things, the fixed cost per thing declines as production is increased.
- Variable costs, such as raw materials purchases, rise with an increase in production. You can’t make 1,000 gold-plated things for the same cost as 100 gold-plated things. The variable cost ratio indicates when the variable costs of increasing production exceed the benefits.
Understanding Variable Cost Ratio
The Formula for the Variable Cost Ratio Is
Variable Cost Ratio
=
Variable Costs
Net Sales
begin{aligned} &text{Variable Cost Ratio} = frac{ text{Variable Costs} }{ text {Net Sales} } \ end{aligned} Variable Cost Ratio=Net SalesVariable Costs
As an alternative, the ratio can be calculated as 1 – contribution margin.
The result indicates whether a company is achieving, or maintaining, the desirable balance at which revenues are rising faster than expenses.
The variable cost ratio quantifies the relationship between a company’s sales and the specific costs of production associated with those revenues. It is a useful evaluation metric for a company’s management in determining necessary break-even or minimum profit margins, making profit projections, and identifying the optimal sales price for its products.
High Fixed Costs Mean a Lower Ratio
Companies with high fixed costs must earn a substantial amount of revenue to cover these costs and remain in business. For this type of company, it helps to have a low variable cost ratio. On the flip side, companies with low fixed costs do not have to earn a substantial amount of revenue to cover them and remain in business. This type of company can afford to operate with a higher variable cost ratio.
The variable cost calculation can be done on a per-unit basis, such as a $10 variable cost for one unit with a sales price of $100, giving a variable cost ratio of 0.1, or 10%. Or, it can be done by using totals over a given time period, such as total monthly variable costs of $1,000 with total monthly revenues of $10,000, also rendering a variable cost ratio of 0.1, or 10%.
Variable Costs and Fixed Costs
The variable cost ratio and its usefulness are easily understood once the basic concepts of variable costs and fixed expenses, and their relationship to revenues and general profitability, are understood.
Variable costs are variable in the sense that they fluctuate in relation to the level of production. Examples are the costs of raw material, packaging, and shipping. These costs increase as production increases and decline when production declines.
Fixed Expenses Don’t Vary with Volume
Fixed expenses are general overhead or operational costs that are fixed in the sense they remain relatively unchanged regardless of levels of production. Examples of fixed expenses include facility rental or mortgage costs and executive salaries. Fixed expenses only change significantly as a result of decisions and actions by management.
The contribution margin is the difference, expressed as a percentage, between total sales revenue and total variable costs.
The term contribution margin refers to the fact that this number indicates how much revenue is left over to “contribute” toward fixed costs and potential profit.